Bahrain Essay -- essays papers

Bahrain History of Bahrain Bahrain was once part of the ancient civilization of Dilmun and served as an important link in trade routes between Sumeria and the Indus Valley as much as 5000 years ago. Since the late 18th century Bahrain has been governed by the Al-Khalifa family, which created close ties to Britain by signing the General Treaty of Peace in 1820. A binding treaty of protection, known as the Perpetual Truce of Peace and Friendship, was concluded in 1861 and further revised in 1892 and 1951. This treaty was similar to those entered into by the British Government with the other Persian Gulp principalities. It specified that the ruler could not dispose of any of his territory except to the United Kingdom and could not enter into relationships with any foreign government other than the United Kingdom without British consent. The British promise to protect Bahrain from all aggression by sea and to lend support in case of land attack. After World War II, Bahrain became the center for British administration of treaty obligations in the lower Persian Gulf. In 1968, when the British Government announced its decision (reaffirmed in March 1971) to end the treaty relationships with the Persian Gulf sheikdoms, Bahrain joined the other eight states (Qatar and the seven Trucial Sheikhdoms, which are now called the United Arab Emirates) under British protection in an effort to form a union of Arab emirates. By mid-1971, however, the nine sheikhdoms still had not agreed on terms of union. Accordingly, Bahrain sought independence as a separate entity and became fully independent on August 15, 1971, as the State of Bahrain. Cultural and Societal To truly understand the society and culture of Bahrain it is necessary to know what it is based on. Society and culture in Bahrain is based on Islamic religious beliefs. These beliefs are not only the moral standards for the country, but they are also the legal standards for all commerce, criminal, civil, and political codes. From a western standpoint this can be very confusing and different to comprehend. To alleviate some confusion the following is a small summary of Islamic beliefs. The following is by no means a complete summary and many beliefs, laws, and other religious criteria has been left out for expediencies sake. Islam One of Islam’s literal meanings is the â€Å"True Religion†. An Islamic fo... ...Force. A male is eligible for the military at the age of 15-49. The availability of military manpower is 220,670. Bahrain spends $276.9 million on military forces annually, which is 4.5% of the GDP. Bibliography: ArabNet, 1-3. Retrieved February 10, 2000 from the World Wide Web: http://www.arab.net/bahrain/bn_financial.html Bahrain, 1. Retrieved February 10, 2000 from the World Wide Web: http://www.countries.com/countries/bahrain Bahrain: The Pearl of the Arabian Gulf. (Dilmun), 1-3. Retrieved February 10, 2000 from the World Wide Web: http://members.tripod.com/~thottungal/Bahrain.html CIA -- The World Factbook 1999:Bahrain, 1-8. Retrieved February 10, 2000 from the World Wide Web: http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/ba.html Country Reports on Economic Policy & Trade Practices, 1-7. Retrieved February 10, 2000 from the World Wide Web: gopher://gopher.umsl.edu/oo/library/govdocs/crpt/crpt0008 Lands and People, 1. Retrieved February 10, 2000 from the World Wide Web: http://infoplease/lycos.com/ce5/CE004132.html Solman Al-khalifa, 1997, State of Bahrain: Central Statistical Organisation Directorate of Statistics, State of Bahrain (publisher).

Volleyball vs Softball

Petter Tomas ENG 101 September 12th, 2011 Volleyball Vs. Softball Home run! Spike! These are some very different words that mean very different things between softball volleyball. Not only are they different but they can be alike in smaller ways also. They both deal with balls, there both sports, they are both played in the same season. Their different in sizes, both uses different equipment, and are both played very differently. When it comes to the equipment used there are no similarities. There are many differences in the equipment used in volleyball then there is in softball.You don’t use bats in volleyball, and you don’t use nets in softball. The balls used in volley ball are much larger compared to a softball. In softball you use a bat to hit the ball out into the field. In volleyball you use your hands to hit the ball over the net to the other side. The teams don’t compare in sizes. In volleyball there are six people on both sides of the net. As in softbal l there can be nine to ten players out on the field. If you play slow pitch there is usually ten, but if its fast pitch theirs usually nine.Of course since they are completely two different sports that would mean that they have completely different rules on how to play. Volleyball and softball are usually both played around the same time of year, spring time. They can both be played outdoors. Volleyball can be played out doors in the sand or inside a gym. It doesn’t really matter as long as you have a net. When it comes to softball you can only play that outside on a softball field. When it comes to both sports, they are both very different. I rather would prefer to play softball rather than volleyball.To me softball is more of a competitive sport, always moving around the field. There’s more areas to play. Such as pitcher, catcher, hitter. But don’t get me wrong I like to play volleyball for fun also. Softball and volleyball are very different in many ways. But similar in some ways also. They are both great sports to play. So if you like to spike it, or hit a home run, they are both fun sports to play. a-raes end end Hdad beging People are always trying to figure out what sport to play. Some of the most popular sports to participate in and to watch, just happen to be the two sports that I have the most expertise in.I played in both volleyball and softball thought out my young life. I have played in organized league's both in high school and for the YMCA as well. I am using these two examples to show you two differences and two similarities that both sports have in common. In providing you this information I hope it may become beneficial in helping a person that is having trouble deciding which sport is best for them. If their final two choices were volleyball and softball that is. First we will talk about the differences.The first difference that I will discuss will be about a piece of equipment that is used in both sports and has to be u sed to participate and play in both sports. The second difference that I want to convey is what effect fiscal contact has on your decision to picks the correct one. The two similarities that I am going to discuss are that they both can be played with little expense to a person or persons and that both of these sports you have flexibility in the times of the year that you can play and participate in both sports and is a factor in the popularity of both sports.The piece of equipment that may be used as a deciding factor in choosing the correct sport for a person and probably the most important piece is the ball. Its true they both are played with a ball. The differences that I want to bring up are the size of the balls and the way they are made. The softball is harder and made of a more durable core made of a solid polyurethane and. The outer leather is stitched and held together with a nylon thread. It has a circumference of ten inches. Where the volleyball is a lot softer leather an d has a circumference of twenty-five inches.The ball that is used in a volleyball game is hit with your fist and the ball used in a softball game is hit with a bat. The second difference that I think could be a factor in your decision is how much body contact that is involved in both sports. Yes, they both are considered a non contact sport with minimal contact, but in both sports you can experience an injury if you are not fit and in shape. and the many different environments that both can be played in. For example, football players often tackle the opposite players to stop them approaching forward. But it is rarely seen in a baseball game.Another major difference is the rule. For instance, it changes defense side and offense side when every three players are out in a baseball game. But it’s totally different from football. You are changed to offense side when you intercept the ball. The last difference is that football players have to carry the ball to touch down but baseba ll players don’t need to do that. In conclusion, though there are some similarities and differences This could be a deciding factor when choosing the correct sport. Some people may think softball as a more of a â€Å"tough man† sport.Or a person that plays volleyball,he/she is has more skills that someone that plays softball. Contrary to what spectators may think, these two sports take effort by all the players. This is one thing that football and basketball have in common. Both of these sports are team sports, because it takes every person on the team to achieve and succeed is either in school participating off scholarship or playing in a league out side school. start the understanding that it takes hard work, team work and working with others to and achieve personal goals later on in life. They are both great sports to. wo concepts that a person can needs to prosper and sussed. I have picked both are very popular from childhood threw adulthood. The concept of working together that working with people is needed in the grand schemes of things to, achieve goals, and to succeed in life. There are so many sports in the world. There are some similarities and differences between these two sports. I would like to discuss the similarities first. needed teamwork to win a game. Teammates should cooperate with each other and follow their strategy made by coaches to go through the game and win eventually.There are no two better sports than softball and volleyball to use as the seed to being teaching these idea. Both are a fun activity and both can be played with a minimal of funding. Volleyball and softball are usually both played around the same time of year, spring time. They can both be played outdoors. Volleyball can be played out doors in the sand or inside a gym. Softball is usually played outside on a softball field. I would prefer to play softball rather than volleyball. To me softball is more of a competitive sport.Your always moving around. Thereà ¢â‚¬â„¢s more areas to play. Such as pitcher, catcher, hitter. But don’t get me wrong I like to play volleyball for fun also. between these two sports, you can play what you want. In high school, the most enjoyable part of one’s Friday nights will somehow include football games and basketball games. Football and basketball are almost always recognized as the most important sports to a school. one was to compare and contrast football to basketball, he/she would find many similarities, as well as differences.

Persepolis and Not Without My Daughter - 2330 Words

Persepolis amp; Not Without My Daughter The Iranian revolution of 1979 refers to the overthrowing of the last king of Iran. It was an Islamic revolution which attempted to replace Mohammed Reza Shah, with an Islamic republic under Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the leader of the revolution. Strong opposition against the Shah showed that the people wanted a religious ruler rather than someone they saw as an American puppet. Many Iranian people would think that the Shah was a ‘capitalist pig’ who ran a corrupt and repressive regime but tried to embrace western style democracy. In saying this, Iran was a very developed and modern nation during the Shah’s reign where students were educated together and westernization took over. The Shah, who†¦show more content†¦Following the revolution, Iran experiences drastic changes in all areas of society. Women were greatly affected during Khomeini’s rule, having their rights taken away. A new Islamic dress code was imposed on all women in Iran, this c hange influenced Betty, Marji’s mother and Marji herself. As stated in the Quran, women should wear the hijab in public covering themselves to gain more self-confidence and self-respect knowing who they are in the society. In saying this, during Khomeini’s rule ushered in oppressive laws against women that restricted a woman’s right to express her individuality as a woman, with a dress code being one of the most important impacts seen in both autobiographies. In the very beginning of the book, Marjane stated, â€Å"We didn’t really like to wear the veil, especially since we didn’t understand why we had to’’ Marjane found the veil especially difficult to accept as seen throughout the book because they were of a westernized mentality and did not approve of the restrictions placed on women’s rights even though [she] was very religious. Marji her family ‘’were very modern and avant-garde’’ and saw the ve il as having their basic freedoms taken away. The hijab had turned woman against each other and ‘’there were demonstrations for and against the veil’’ whichShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Graphic Novel Persepolis1423 Words   |  6 PagesIn the nine years following the Iranian Revolution, the Iranian government executed over 30,000 people as a result of their values conflicting with the conservative Islamic ideals of the new regime (McTighe). The graphic novel Persepolis explores this change in government and the conflict-ridden road leading to it through the story of a young girl named Marjane and her family. It explores how the family’s Communist attitudes cause them to be willing to risk their lives speaking out for a change,Read MorePersepolis : The Story Of A Childhood1654 Words   |  7 Pages Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood by Marjane Satrapi is a graphic novel that provides insight into a young girl living in Iran during the hardship of war. Persepolis takes place during the childhood of Marjane Satrapi. It gives a background of the Islamic Revolution and the war in Iran. Satrapi attempts to guide herself in a corrupted world filled with propaganda. She tries to develop her own morality concerning religion, politics, and humanity. Satrapi was blessed enough to have high class statusRead MoreAnalysis Of Marjane Satrapis Graphic Novel Persepolis823 Words   |  4 Pages Marjane Satrapi’s graphic novel Persepolis, illustrates her own experience of the Iranian world through revolutions and corrupt dictatorship. Throughout her life, Marji is faced with numerous hardships that challenge her life from a young age. From struggling to adapt into diverging cultures to standing up for her identity, Marji’s conflicts force her to choose between family and herself. Unlike the people from her homeland, Marji has many opportunities to explore her liberty, however, she hasRead MoreEssay on The Role of Women in Marjane Satrapis Persepolis 1111 Words   |  5 Pages Throughout Persepolis, Marjane Satrapi displays the vital role that the women around her have in developing her character and becoming the woman she is today. Women such as her mother, her grandmother, her school teachers, the maid, the neighbors, and even the guardians of the revolution influenced Marjane and caused her to develop into an independent, educated, and ambitious w oman. Throughout the novel, Marjane never completely conforms or lets go of her roots, this is primarily due toRead MoreMarjane Satrapi s Persepolis 1314 Words   |  6 PagesPersepolis is an autobiography of Marjane Satrapi’s childhood in her native Iran. She writes about being a child in Iran through the Iranian revolution and the Iran-Iraq war. As Satrapi recounts stories of her youth, one can observe that the Iran-Iraq war and the Iranian revolution are the central events driving the entire story. When the revolution and war happens, the dynamics of the book change completely. War creates a sense of unity and nationalism. Marjane shows a large contrast between herRead MoreAnalysis Of Persepolis1384 Words   |  6 Pagesoverthrow of Iranian ruler Reza Shah in 1978, which ultimately led to the establishment of a republic later on. Throughout this painstaking process of cultural revolution, many Iranian civilians suffered, including a young Marjane Satrapi, who authored Persepolis, a graphic novel recounting her childhood in Iran and her coming-of-age abroad in Europe. In her â€Å"memoir-in-comic-strips†, Satrapi highlighted the theme of â€Å"persisting conflicts†, or conflicts that were constant the entirety of the story. MoreoverRead MoreAnalysis Of Persepolis1839 Words   |  8 Pagesunderstand what the word truly means without living it? It’s a word that can have strong meaning in multiple contexts and unfortunately for many it means sacrifice, as revolutions are not free. Most who live in America will never have the experience of living through a revolution or even near one as the last one in America finished in 1783 which means one does not really understand what it is like to go through that. Reading through the graphic novel Persepolis, which talks about the lifestyle ofRead MoreThe Effect Of Transcendentalism : Henry David Thoreau1654 Words   |  7 PagesGaga in her song â€Å"Born This Way.† Gaga’ s usage of lyrics reflects that particular belief of Thoreau. She uses lyrics like: â€Å"Don t hide yourself in regret, Just love yourself and you re set,† â€Å"In the religion of the insecure, I must be myself, respect my youth,† and â€Å"Whether life s disabilities left you outcast, bullied or teased, rejoice and love yourself today. Cause baby, you were born this way† to show that one’s worth is more important to conforming to society’s ideals (Gaga). Because of theRead MoreAlexander the Thrid1774 Words   |  7 PagesOlympias, daughter of King Neoptolemus I of Epirus. I was born on the 20th of July in 356 BC in Pella Greece. I spent most of my childhood in Pella’s royal court. During my time spent there I hardly ever saw my father because he spent most of his time in military campaigns or with one of his many women. On the other hand, mother, was always there for me, even when I did not ask for her presence. From a young age mother and father wanted the best for me, even if at times I didn’t see it. Both my parentsRead MoreThe Formation of Achaemenid Essay1469 Words   |  6 Pagestime ,Persia was not independent. It was actually under the influence of the Mede. Although Cambyse was the Shah ( King ) of the Persians, at the same time he was a governor of Persia for Astyage who was the Shah of the Mede.Cambyse married Astyage daughter ,Mandane and named his son Cyrus. When Cyrus was a childe , he was always the leader of other kids around him. Because of this characteristic of Cyrus, Astyage wanted him dead . Astyage was afraid Cyrus might grow up and and revolt against him

Italian Verb Conjugations Spedire

Swedish Dad - 1167 Words

Effects for Obesity Rondaski Burley Introduction to Sociology Professor Ricardo Toye June 6, 2015 Introduction. Obesity, once thought to be a little more than an unfortunate failure of will and self restraint, has much deeper and more complex roots. Genes clearly plays a role in driving an individual’s propensity to gain excess weight, as does environment. Early-life influences, beginning with the intrauterine environment and continuing through the first few years of life, also shape the trajectory of weight gain and body fat thoughtout the life course. Describe the effect that obesity in a childhood has had on you personally. We have all heard the stories about the happy fat person, right? Being obese†¦show more content†¦Employers should care about the well-being of their employees, if no others reason than it promotes a happier workforce as a result will provide a more productive workforce. Should specialized organization be made for workers who wish to have a career and raise a child? Identify steps that companies can take to accommodate parental needs more effectively. In 2013, 88.2 percent of families with children under 18 had at least one parent in the workforce, which means the employers seeking to recruit and retain top talents must start catering to the families engaged in this balancing act. With the focus on the working American parent with benefits such as a flexible working hours paid parental leave for the men and women will achieve a better working life balancing and keep employees happier and more engaged at work. Not only should flexible schedule benefit the women but the men should also receive the option. The division of household labor has changed a lot in the last few decades, with many fathers taking primary caregiver role for their kids. Over 50 percent of fathers said they find it difficult to juggle work responsibilities and family life. There are steps that a companies should focus on when creating a flexible working environments. Companies should build a new culture for employee. Focus on the family. Encourage flexible work arrangement, and offer parental leave. Lift sigma. As long as employees are producing result, they should be trusted toShow MoreRelatedDawit Isask ´s Daughter Fight for Fairness Essay1191 Words   |  5 PagesBetlehem was tired of the Swedish politicians who said that they were gonna help Isaak but yet didn’t do anything besides saying that they would. She also was tired of the Eritrean government who had imprisoned Isaak without a trial. Betlehem was furious, she came to the conclusion that nobody was gonna do shit for her and her family. The only option left was to take the matter in her own hands. Betlehem was by this time only 20 years old but she was determined to get her dad out of prison or at leastRead MoreI Am The Owner Of My Company1061 Words   |  5 PagesAdvisors, a corporate strategist firm specialized in government relations and financial services by providing back channel services to business leaders and government officials on current China economic affairs. If you are curious, Hjerta means heart in Swedish. As someone who was born in 1980’s mainland China and later worked on Wall Street, I witnessed the spectacular economic development of China through both western and eastern lenses. With the gradual deepening of globalization, closer Sino-EuropeanRead MoreLast Grade Was A Tough Year For Me1493 Words   |  6 Pagesbrothers little league game. He was the shortstop. We cheered him on while roaming the area. We left as soon as the game was over, ‘s team won. On our way to Reagan’s house, we stopped by a Casey’s, she got Swedish Fish and I got Sweet Tarts, it was the first and last time I had had Swedish Fish. She lived far away, closer to Milo than Indianola. Her house was tall and white, beside it was an abandoned barn. There was a tree not far from her house that looked great for climbing. A little ways offRead MoreMy Family And My Background Essay1665 Words   |  7 Pagessuffered as a result and many Swedes, especially farm families left. They were persuaded by promises of riches and good land . In 1865, the Swedish-American community was only around a quarter hundred thousand people and within 25 years, the U.S. census reported 800,000. Swedish-American communities popped up throughout the Midwest, making Chicago the second largest Swedish city in the world. My entire mother’s side is German. She and her parents immigrated to America on January 15th, 1959 five days beforeRead MoreQuestions On Public Policy Analysis2382 Words   |  10 Pagesâ€Å"EDUCARE† (Nilsson, 2015). Swedish â€Å"EDUCARE† is a way of respecting young children as a full human being and make them learn by making them explore the world through sources like digital cameras (the conversation, 2015). Swedish people and government are aware of childhood education and support the fact firmly. So, government established the system of education for young children which took them almost 2 decades to accomplish their mission (Nilsson, 2015). First National Swedish preschool curriculumRead MoreHow Race Is Socially Constructed And Gender1464 Words   |  6 Pagessituations, and how the effects of racial conflict could affect the relationships of people who would otherwise have no reason to have any hostility towards one another If you follow my family tree back far enough, you find a smattering of Irish and Swedish immigrants. Despite this, I’ve never had any sort of symbolic ethnicity identifying with either group. Maybe it s commonplace among fourth or so generation immigrants, but the only culture I’ve known was that of the America I grew up in. My great-grandparentsRead MoreSocial And Emotional Aspects Of Shannon s Life Essay1397 Words   |  6 Pagesprivilege; this meaning, she never really experienced any sort of racial discrimination. Nor has she felt any sort of discrimination against being a woman thus far in her life. IX. Family History Family Origin On Shannon’s mom’s side they are Swedish and Norwegian. The birth order starts with Grandpa Sherman then Grandma Carol. Following Sherman and Carol are their children that by age would go Dan, Steve, Debbie, Duane, and then Sandy. Next would be Sherman and Carol’s grandkids that by age wouldRead MoreShould Fathers Receive Paternity Leave Essay1166 Words   |  5 Pagesleave. When leave is long, this can have some consequences for women’s place in the labor market. For example, in Sweden parents have the right to a parental leave for up to 18 months, but women take nearly 85% of parental leave. The major goal of Swedish policy these days is to encourage men to take more parental leave; already there are two month â€Å"daddy only† leaves, which are lost to the couple if the father doesn’t take them. The problem with fathers taking paternity leave is that the fathers areRead MoreMarcus Samuelsson s Influence On Life707 Words   |  3 PagesT his is where Marcus is first taught to cook by his grandmother helga. 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My older sister attended the same choirs and

Mathematical Reasoning for Knights and Knaves - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theMathematical Reasoning for Knights and Knaves. Answer: A very special island is dominated by only knights and knaves. Knights always tell the truth, and knaves always lie. You meet seven inhabitants: Joe, Sue, Sally, Bozo, Dave, Zed and Alice. Joe says that Dave could claim that Alice is a Knave. Sue says that Bozo and Joe are both knights or both knaves. Sally claims, At least one of the following is true: that I am a knight or that Sue is a Knave. Bozo claims, Sally is a knave. Dave claims that Alice is a knight or Bozo is a knight. Zed claims, Of I and Sally, exactly one is a knight. Alice says, Dave could say that Zed is a Knave The task is to determine which of the seven are knights and which are knaves. Solution Alice: Alice says, Dave could say that Zed is a Knave But with regards to Daves claim i.e. Dave claims that Alice is a knight or Bozo is a knight, it clearly implies that Alice is lying since her claim does not concur with Daves Implication: Alice is a knave (knaves always lie) Joe: Joe says that Dave could claim that Alice is a Knave. But with regards to Daves claim i.e. Dave claims that Alice is a knight or Bozo is a knight Taking close analysis of Daves claim, it implies that if Alice is a Knight, then Bozo is a knight or, if Alice is a knave then Bozo is a knight So Joe is telling the truth since his argument act in accordance with Daves claim. Implication: Joe is a knight (knights always tell the truth) Sue: Sue says that Bozo and Joe are both knights or both knaves. Since Joe is a knight, and if Sue is telling the truth (a knight), it would imply Bozo is a knight (since Sue claims that Bozo and Joe are both knights or both knaves) But with regards to Bozos Claim, Bozo claims, Sally is a knave. This Bozos statement would only implying that; If Bozo is a knight, then Sally is a knave since knights always tells the truth, and If Bozo is a knave, then Sally is not a knave (implying Sally is a knight) since knaves always lie. The only implication of the above statement would mean that if Bozo is a knight, then Sally is a knave, or if Bozo is a knave, then Sally is a knight Reviewing Sues statement above, if Sue is telling the truth (a knight), it would imply Bozo is a knight. Superimposing this with Bozos statement implying if he is a knight, then Sally is a knave But with regards to Sallys claim, Sally claims, At least one of the following is true: that I am a knight or that Sue is a Knave. Implying if Sally is a knave, then none of the above statements is true which further implies that sally is a knave and sue is a knight Since the above statement implies Sally is a knave and according to Zeds statement, it would imply that Zed is a knight i.e. Zed claims, Of I and Sally, exactly one is a knight. This Zeds claim would only mean: If Zed is a knight, it would imply Zed is a knight and Sally is a Knave (exactly one) or Sally is a knight and Zed is a Knave, and If Zed is a knave, it would imply both Zed and Sally are knight, or both Zed and Sally are knaves The highlighted statement complies with our argument. Dave on the other hand claims that Alice is a knight or Bozo is a knight, but have analyzed that Alice is a knave and Bozo is a knight implying that Daves claim is true so Dave is a knight From the logical analysis, we have found out that Alice is a knave Joe is a knight Sally is a knave Sue is a knight Bozo is a knight Zed is a knight Dave is a knight NB: A divergent logical analysis would arise if we consider Sue to be lying, which in turn will be ambiguous to analysis since the words both and or are utilized in her statement.

Commonwealth v Amann Aviation Pty Ltd Free-Samples for Students

Questions: Discuss about the Case Study of Commonwealth v Amann Aviation Pty Ltd. Answers: In the case of Commonwealth v Amann Aviation Pty Ltd (1991) 174 CLR 64, the probability of hypothetical legal conduct was considered by the High Court of Australia. A contract was entered between Amann and the Australian Commonwealth as per which the plaintiff, i.e., Amann was required to conduct an aerial surveillance of the north coast of Australia for a continuous period of three years, the period of which had to start after six months of the date of the contract. Amann spent a considerable sum of amount in preparation of the promised performance relating to the aerial coastal surveillance and even acquired specially equipped aircraft for undertaking his part of the contractual performance (Harder, 2010). When Amann started his surveillance on the promised date, the contract was repudiated by the Commonwealth. The repudiation of the contract was accepted by Amann and it claimed damages for the expenditure undertaken, which was wasted due to the repudiation of the contract (Swarb, 2015a). It could be clearly seen that Amann that within three years, Amann would not have been able to recoup the undertaken expenditure. The basis of claim of Amann pertaining to the totality of expenditure was based on the assumption that a renewal of contract would have taken place after three years (Harder, 2010). This particular case was an appeal made to the Full Court by the plaintiff. The reason for making the appeal was to set aside the ruling given by the trial judge, where the plaintiff was awarded fairly low damages. The appeal was only related to the aspect of determination of the amount of damages. This was because the defendant, i.e., the Commonwealth had already admitted that there had been a wrongful termination of the plaintiff (Harder, 2010). The legal issue in this case is related to the un-liquidated damages for a breach of contract on part of the defendant, where the plaintiff had relied upon the contract. The decision taken in this appeal was related to the question regarding, whether or not, the plaintiff deserved a higher amount of damages. R= Relevant Laws and Principles When one of the parties to a contract, fail to fulfill the obligations which were put on them through the drawn contract, it results in a breach of contract (Abbott, Pendlebury, Wardman, 2007). Whenever a breach of contract is established, the aggrieved party can make an application to the court of law for the recovery of damages, which is in the form of monetary compensation or equitable remedies, in form of rescission, injunction or specific performance (Latimer, 2012). As per section 349 of the Restatement of the Law: Contracts, 2nd ed. (1981), the injured party, as a substitute to the measures of damages regarding expectation damages, as contained in section 347, had the right to damages on the basis of reliance interest. This included the expenditures which were made while performance or while preparing for performance, and the amount of loss which can be proved by the party with reasonable certainty had to be deducted. In such case the injured party would have suffered, in case of performance of contract (Jade, 2017). In the case of Robinson v Harman (1848) 1 Ex Rep 850, Parke B held that the damages awarded for the breach of contract had to be in the form that the aggrieved party or the victim of the breach could compensate the loss of the contractual bargain (Swarb, 2015b). A question was raised in this case by Baron Parke, regarding the amount of damages which the plaintiff was entitled to recover. He highlighted that the rules given in the common law dictated that when a loss is sustained by a party, due to the breach of contract, the party was entitled to receive such an amount of damages, which would put the victim in the same position, so far as can be done with money, had the contract been performed (Civil Lawyer, 2011). In the matter of Hayes v Dodd (1990) 2 All ER 815, the plaintiff ran a motor repair business and he entered into a negotiation for buying a household workshop, along with a yard, which could be accessed through a narrow and inconvenient tunnel to the front of the property from the street and also had an access at the rear side of the property. He used two loans from the bank amounting to 65,000 and 55,000. He had to close his business after twelve months and his attempts at selling the property as a single unit were unsuccessful. A claim of 1,500 as damages was made for each plaintiff for the vexation and anguish. Though, it was held in this case that vexation and anguish could not be recovered as damages for breach of contract, until the object of the contract provided peace of mind or freedom from distress (Williams, 2013). Hence, the amount was not recoverable as it was a purely commercial contract (Swarb, 2016). Learned Hand C.J., in the case of L. Albert and Son v. Armstrong Rubber Co. (1949) 178 F 2d 182 stated that at the time when the performance could not have covered the outlay of the promise, the result imposes a risk of the contract of the promisee on the promisor. And so, the court did not agree with the notion that the default in performance by the performance should make him an insurer of the venture of the promisee (H2O, 2013). Lord Denning, in the case of Anglia Television Ltd. v. Reed (1972) 1 QB 60 held that a claim could be made for the expenditure thrown away by the plaintiff, when such individual had not suffered any loss of profits or in such case where the amount of profit can be established. So, a claim could be made either for the wasted expenditure or for the loss of profits (E-Law Resources, 2017). A= Arguments of the parties and Analysis In order to decide the matter on awarding the damages to Amann, a point was put forward by him, regarding the place he would have been, had the breach of contract not occurred. The case of Robinson v Harman was quoted, to establish that there was a need for putting Amann in such a position as he would have been in absence of the repudiation of contract by the Commonwealth (Australian Contract Law, 2013). The burden of proof was placed on the defendant by Amann. This was due to the fact that Amann had made reliance upon the terms of contract and had undertaken huge expenditures to support his contractual obligations. The case involved reliance loss and not the expectation loss (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2017). However, as the case did not involve a term which could have satisfied Amann mentally, a claim to support the contentions made in Hayes v Dodd was not upheld and so, the damages were not awarded for mental peace. This was because the terms of this contract were such that it was based entirely on commercial activity (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2017). Amann also contended that there was a clarity regarding the reliance of Amann on the terms of contract and that as per him, the contract would have been fulfilled. And believing this point, Amann had brought the purchased specially equipped aircraft. The application relating to the general principle involved a comparison between the actual and hypothetical state of affairs. Deane J held that for this case, the actual state of affairs is the non-performance and the hypothetical state of affairs is the performance of this contract, as per its terms. As the general principle can be clearly established in this case, it became crucial that the contention put forward by Amann was accepted (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2017). The prospects of making a substantial profit by Amann were dependent upon the renewal of the contract. So, Amann supported his claims for profit, on the basis of this very prospect. Even though it was clear that a renewal could have been declined by the Commonwealth, the defendant could not establish that the same would have been done in reality (Jade, 2017). And the burden of proof that the same would have been decline was put by McHugh J. upon the Commonwealth. As the Commonwealth failed in establishing that the chances of not renewing the contract were higher than 50%, the majority of the High Court of Australia awarded the damages to Amann regarding the total expenditure made. The point worked in favor of Amann as he showed that the negotiating position of it would have been superior to that of its competitors, after three years of giving their services to the Commonwealth (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2017). Initially, Amann was awarded a sum of $410,000 as damages, on the basis of the net profit which he would have attained upon the performance of the contract, which amounted to $819,099. It was established that the claims of Amann had to be reduced by one half, as the contingency of cancellation, covered under clause 2.24 had to be considered. But when Amann claimed that he was entitled to the full claims, due to his reliance upon the contract and the position in which he would have been after three years, the decision was changed (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2017). The acceptance on part of Commonwealth that it had indeed breached the contract was further taken into consideration. After which, the Full Court acknowledged that the possibility of cancellation was only 20%, as per the quoted clause. And even though there was a 20% chance of such cancellation, it was held by the judges that the same was not required to be taken into consideration while assessing the amount of damages. And due to these reasons, Amann was awarded damages to the amount of $4,808,563s 80%. This amount was equal to $3,846,850, and part from this, an amount of $143,049 was also awarded to Amann in form of the termination payments to the employees. Hence, a total of $3,989,899 was awarded to him. He was also entitled to interest to the sum of 80 per cent of $4,695,563, and on all other payments, till the date of the judgment (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2017). C= Conclusion and Court Outcome On these bases, it could be stated that establishing the breach of contract is easier in comparison to quantifying the amount of damages which have to be awarded to the aggrieved party. Hence, this is a delicate exercise and the same has to be done in a proper manner, before a demand is issued. Deane J held in this case that the general principle, which governed the assessment of compensatory damages, in both tort and in contract was that the plaintiff had to be awarded such a sum of money, which would represent an adequate and fair compensation, in so far as the money can, regarding the injury or loss sustained due to the wrongful acts of the defendant. Hence, the award of damages had to put the wronged party in such a position, where they would have been, in case such a breach of contract had not taken place, and instead, the contract had been performed (Jervis, 2015). References Abbott, K., Pendlebury, N., Wardman, K. (2007). Business law (8th ed.). London: Thompson Learning. Australasian Legal Information Institute. (2017). Commonwealth v Amann Aviation Pty Ltd [1991] HCA 54; (1992) 174 CLR 64 (12 December 1991). Retrieved from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/sinodisp/au/cases/cth/HCA/1991/54.html?stem=0synonyms=0query=Commonwealth%20v%20Amann%20Aviation%20Pty%20Ltd Australian Contract Law. (2013). Commonwealth v Amann Pty Ltd: High Court of Australia (1991) 174 CLR 92. Retrieved from: https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/cases/amann.html Civil Lawyer. (2011). Expectation damages - Commonwealth v Amann Aviation Pty Ltd (1991) 174 CLR 64. Retrieved from: https://www.the-civil-lawyer.net/2011/11/expectation-damages-commonwealth-v.html E-Law Resources. (2017). Anglia Television v Reed [1971] 3 All ER 690. Retrieved from: https://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/cases/Anglia-Television-v-Reed.php H2O. (2013). L. Albert Son v. Armstrong Rubber Co. Retrieved from: https://h2o.law.harvard.edu/cases/2393 Harder, S. (2010). The Exculpation of Repudiating Parties by a Right to Terminate the Contract. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sirko_Harder/publication/228169768_The_Exculpation_of_Repudiating_Parties_by_a_Right_to_Terminate_the_Contract/links/543685400cf2bf1f1f2bd67a.pdf?origin=publication_detail Jade. (2017). High Court of Australia. Retrieved from: https://jade.io/article/67658 Jervis, H. (2015). How do I calculate damages for breach of contract?. Retrieved from: https://legalvision.com.au/how-do-i-calculate-damages-for-breach-of-contract/ Latimer, P. (2012). Australian Business Law 2012 (31st ed.). Sydney, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. Swarb. (2015a). Commonwealth of Australia v Amann Aviation Pty Ltd; HCA 12 Dec 1991. Retrieved from: https://swarb.co.uk/commonwealth-of-australia-v-amann-aviation-pty-ltd-hca-12-dec-1991/ Swarb. (2015b). Robinson v Harman; 18 Jan 1848. Retrieved from: https://swarb.co.uk/robinson-v-harman-18-jan-1848/ Swarb. (2016). Hayes v Dodd: CA 1990. Retrieved from: https://swarb.co.uk/hayes-v-dodd-ca-1990/ Williams, S. (2013). Transaction Or No Transaction?. Retrieved from: https://www.radcliffechambers.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Simon_Williams_-_Prof_Neg_article.pd