Organisation Study-Sib free essay sample

The South Indian Bank is one of the earliest banks in South India. It has become a major player in banking. It has its operations all over the country and promises to deliver the experience of next generation banking. The business of SIB is growing at higher rate both in respect of deposits and advances. SIB offers a variety of loans for different categories of people. It extends two types of credit facilities to their corporate customers. The first type known as Working capital finance is extended to meet the day to day short term operational requirements of the borrower. The second type of finance in the form of short term and medium term loans is provided to customers to meet the long term capital requirements for setting up the new project, expansion and diversification of the existing project and so on. It is the funds of depositor? s i. e. , the general public that are mobilized by means of advances. Thus it is extremely important for the bank to assess the risk associated with the credit. The process of credit rating begins when the customer approaches the bank and applies for credit. The SIB has a special department called the Integrated Risk Management Department (IRMD). The branch forwards the application to the Regional Office which initially conduct a rating and sent for evaluation to IRMD. Based on the parameters set by the Board of SIB, the IRMD analyses the details and rates the prospective customer. If the bank finds the customer eligible, the loan is sanctioned. The South Indian Bank has a comprehensive credit management policy which was tailored to fall in line with the banking guidelines issued by the Reserve Bank of India. The study is based on the credit rating process of loans in South Indian Bank. Finance today, holds the key to all human activity. It consists of raising, providing and managing of all money, capital or fund of any type to be used in connection with the business. Banks being money transacting enterprises require finance as „raw material? for manufacturing the finished goods i. e. , Credit. The upswing in the Indian economy, the younger population, the low penetration of banking services in the country and the host of other factors, the Indian banking sector today stands on the threshold of exponential growth. Without a sound and effective banking system of India should not only be hassle free but it should be able to meet new challenges posed by the technology and any other external and internal factors. For the past three decades India? s banking system has several outstanding achievements to its credit. The most striking is its extensive reach. It is no longer confined to only metropolitans or cosmopolitan in India. In fact, Indian banking system has reached even to the remote corner of the country. This is one of the main reasons of India? s growth process. According to PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) report, India could become the third largest banking hub in the world by 2040. 3 Banking in India Banking in India originated in the last decades of 18th century. The oldest bank in existence in India is the State Bank of India, a government-owned bank that traces its origin back to June 1806 and that is the largest commercial bank in the country. Central banking is the responsibility of the Reserve Bank of India, which in 1935 formally took over these responsibilities from the then Imperial Bank of India, relegating it to commercial banking functions. After Indias independence in 1947, the Reserve Bank was nationalized and given broader powers. In 1969, the government nationalized the 14 largest commercial banks; the government nationalized the six next largest in 1980. Origin The word „bank? is derived from the Greek word Banque or Italian word Banco. Both means a bench at which money lenders and money changers used to display their coins and transacts their business in market lace. As per Section 5(b) of Banking Regulation Act, 1949, banking means the accepting, for the purpose of lending or investment, of deposits of money from the public, repayable on demand or otherwise, and withdrawable by cheque, draft, and order or otherwise. Currently, India has 96 scheduled commercial banks, 27 public sector banks, 31 private banks and 38 foreign banks. They have a combined network of over 55. 000 branches and 44,000 ATMs. According to a report by ICRA Limited, a rating agency, the public sector banks hold over 70% of total assets of the banking Industry, with the private and foreign banks holding 20. % and 9. 8% respectively. Early History At the end of late 18th century, there were hardly any banks in India in the modern sense of the term. With large exposure to speculative ventures, most of the banks opened in India during that period could not survive and failed. The depositors lost money and lost interest in keeping deposits with banks. Subsequently, banking in India remained the exclusive domain of Europeans for next several decades until the beginning of the 20th century. At the beginning of the 20th century, Indian economy was passing through a relative period of stability. Around five decades have elapsed since the Indias First war of Independence, and the social, industrial and other infrastructure have developed. At that time there were very small banks operated by Indians, and most of them were owned and operated by particular communities. The banking in India was controlled and dominated by the presidency banks, namely, the Bank of Bombay, the Bank of Bengal, and the Bank of Madras which later on merged to form the Imperial Bank of India, and Imperial Bank of India, upon Indias independence, was renamed as the State Bank of India. There were also some Exchange banks, as also a number of Indian joint stock banks. All these banks operated in different segments of the economy. 4 The Presidency banks were like the central banks and discharged most of the functions of central banks. They were established under charters from the British East India Company. The exchange banks, mostly owned by the Europeans, concentrated on financing of foreign trade. Indian joint stock banks were generally undercapitalized and lacked the experience and maturity to compete with the Presidency banks, and the Exchange banks. There was potential for many new banks as the economy was growing. Lord Curzon had observed then in the context of Indian banking: In respect of banking it seems we are behind the times. We are like some old fashioned sailing ship, divided by solid wooden bulkheads into separate and cumbersome compartments. Under these circumstances, many Indians came forward to set up banks, and many banks were set up at that time, a number of which have survived to the present such as Bank of India and Corporation Bank, Indian Bank, Bank of Baroda, and Canara Bank. Post-Independence The partition of India in 1947 had adversely impacted the economies of Punjab and West Bengal, and banking activities had remained paralyzed for months. Indias independence marked the end of a regime of the Laissez-faire for the Indian banking. The Government of India initiated measures to play an active role in the economic life of the nation, and the Industrial Policy Resolution adopted by the government in 1948 envisaged a mixed economy. This resulted into greater involvement of the state in different segments of the economy including banking and finance. The major steps to regulate banking included: ? In 1948, the Reserve Bank of India, India? s central banking authority was nationalized, and it became an institution owned by the Government of India. ? In 1949, the Banking Regulation Act was enacted which empowered the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to regulate, control, and inspect the banks in India. ? The Banking Regulation Act also provided that no new bank or branch of an existing bank could be opened without a licence from the RBI, and no two banks could have common directors. Nationalization By the 1960s, the Indian banking industry has become an important tool to facilitate the development of the Indian economy. At the same time, it has emerged as a large employer, and a debate has ensued about the possibility to nationalize the banking industry. Mrs. Indira Gandhi, the-then Prime Minister of India expressed the intention of the Government of India in the annual conference of the All India Congress Meeting in a paper entitled Stray thoughts on Bank Nationalization. † The paper was received with positive enthusiasm. Thereafter, her move was swift and sudden, and the Government of India issued an ordinance and nationalized the largest commercial banks with effect from the midnight of July 19, 1969. Within two weeks of the issue of the ordinance, the Parliament passed the Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of 5 Undertaking) Bill, and it received the presidential approval on 9th August, 1969. After the nationalization of banks in India, the branches of the public sector banks rose approximately to 800% in deposits and advances took a huge jump by 11,000%. †¢ 1955: Nationalization of State Bank of India. †¢ 1959: Nationalization of SBI subsidiaries. †¢ 1969: Nationalization of 14 major banks. †¢ 1980: Nationalization of 7 banks with deposits over 200crore. Liberalization In the early 1990s, the then government headed by Mr P V Narasimha Rao embarked on a policy of liberalization and gave licenses to a small number of private banks, which came to be known as New Generation tech-savvy banks, which included banks such as Global Trust Bank which later amalgamated with Oriental Bank of Commerce, Axis Bank (earlier as UTI Bank), ICICI Bank, HDFC Bank etc. This move, along with the rapid growth in the economy of India, revitalized the banking sector in India, which has seen rapid growth with strong contribution from all the three sectors of banks, namely, government banks, private banks and foreign banks.

Comparison of Agile Traditional Web Technologies The WritePass Journal

Comparison of Agile Traditional Web Technologies 1 Introduction Comparison of Agile Traditional Web Technologies 1 Introduction2 Contextual ReviewLiterature review3 Hypotheses:3.1 Aim of study3.2 Expectation4 Goals and Objectives5 Methodology and EvaluationBibliographyRelated 1 Introduction Nowadays, both pace and quality have undeniable role on phenomenon, and web development is not exception. That is why the concepts such as software engineering and afterward patterns were applied in recent decades. Although they have improved the quality of web development, non of them are perfect to guarantee matters like customer satisfaction, customer commitment and collaboration and flexibility [1]. Because of these matters software developers searched for a more productive approach. In early of twenty one century a group of software developers gathered to discuss on software engineering approaches, after that a manifesto was signed by them which is known as Agile now [2]. James Shore and Shane Warden have indicated to this manifesto:† Individuals and interactions over processes and tools, Working software over comprehensive documentation, Customer collaboration over contract negotiation, Responding to change over following a plan† [3]. As can be subsumed from this manifesto Agile is an emerging approach in software engineering which instead of process, documentation, contract and plan pays more attention to persons, software, customer and flexibility. These characteristics are more evident in principles which have been written by means of the establishers of Agile. James Shore and Shane Warden quote some of these principles:† Our highest priority is to satisfy the customer through early and continuous delivery of valuable software, welcome changing requirements even late in development†¦, deliver working software frequently†¦, business people and developers must work together†¦, build projects around motivated individuals†¦, working software is the primary measure of progress†¦, the most efficient and effective method of conveying information to and within a development team is face-to-face conversation,†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [4]. From all the specification which was mentioned above it can be perceived that despite of other software engineering approaches and patterns that have specific steps to follow, Agile could be something like especial philosophy and ideology that developer always bear it in his/her mind. This ideology makes developer able to consider a large number of possibilities and opt the best one [6]. Despite of agile establishers’ claim, some software developer believe that traditional and agile methods work in same way or at least agile is not able to increase productivity as much as its advocates claim. For evaluation of these asserts there is not enough witness in particular when it comes to empirical studies and comparisons. [36] Because of this shortage a practical comparison will be conducted via implementation of two website. Agile methodologies would be applied in one of them and another one will be implemented by traditional approaches. In section 2 business background about agile has been discussed, hypotheses and aim of study have been explained in section 3, goals and objective have been discussed in section 4, methodology and evaluation has been described in section 5. 2 Contextual Review In the rapidly changing environment, the best phenomenon and services are those which adapt themselves easily with changes with lower costs, and programming and software development are not exception. In the other words applications are evaluated as a good production when they would be able to accept changes with lower costs and in shorter time. In other words, they should be more flexible. When it comes to software development, flexibility would be one of the most important aspects which agile attempts to improve it. For instance, at the early of twenty one century a great deal of money was spent just for changing date byte in applications in US [19]. In addition a large number of company’s money is spent for maintenance that has direct relation with productivity and flexibility. All of these issue show importance of agile in market and industry because all of these criteria can be improved by agile. That is why companies and firms are being more interested to agile gradually . Result of a survey shows agile was being applied by means of 14 percent of companies, and more than three times of this amount were keen on using agile in Europe and US in 2005 [20]. Indeed, this amount has been increased now. Also, annually, a great deal of money is wasted for implementation of projects which are not used in reality because they do not satisfy customers’ requirements. Customers claim that they have ordered another production, while they have received completely different ones. If claims of agile which were mentioned in last sections be implemental, it will be able to prevent the majority of these situations or at least reduce the costs dramatically. As it was said in previous sections, projects which are implemented by means of agile methodology would be more flexible therefore when it comes to changing they can adapt themselves with changes more easier and with lower costs. Because of this matter cost of maintenance will be reduced as well. In addition, since, customers are considered as a team member and they collaborate with developers tightly this possibility that the final production would not be acceptable is reduced significantly. Because of frequent software delivery in agile methodology it is crystal clear that customer notices the developers if he/she expects a production with different specification in weekly communications. [21] Another specification of ASD which was mentioned is learning within implementation. This matter can diminish cost of holding training course that are hold by companies annually. In conclusion, it seems obvious that the majority of developers and companies would opt agile as their methodology and agile will possess the software development market in future [22]. Literature review A number of key specifications of Agile approach can be concluded from these principles. Despite of   the other approaches Agile Does not have any problem with changes even it would be late. On the other words, application should be written that much flexible which altering does not waste time and resources a lot. This amount of flexibility needs expert and experienced developers, therefore another characteristic could be skillful developers. In addition these developers should work with constant pace that is why the principles emphasize motivated developers because motivation could be engine of team and persuades members to learn during the work. The high and constant pace makes Agile teams able to hand in executable software more frequently to customers. Therefore they can change customer requirements and interact with developers and finally would be more satisfy. As can be deduced form Agile definition, main emphasis is on individuals rather than plan, documents and other phenomenon. Therefore Agile approach mainly is applied in team based projects in particular self-organizing teams-teams in which members take managing responsibilities instead of external manager who controls the team [5]-. Also here executable software is a scale of progress evaluation. It can be concluded from manifesto and principles of Agile that if these principles are implemented project will be more successful obviously, while there is a controversial point that is it possible to apply these rules and principles in practice? The majority of resources which were reviewed emphasize that projects which use Agile could be more successful, while some of them like James Shore and Shane Warden believe that:† I do not recommend adopting agile development solely to increase productivity. Its benefits come from working differently, not from working faster. Your team will need time to learn agile development. While they learn, they will go slower, not faster.† [7] For a scientific judgment we should discuss on success in software development and have a precise definition first. Traditional definition of success emphasizes on cost, time and customer requirements as specification [8]. On the other words it believes that a project will be successful if it is finished before due time, costs do not proceed on budget and all the customer requirements are satisfied, while the modern ones are seemed totally different. They express a project which is evaluated as a failure one can be a successful project because it would be possible a large number of customers and addressers will be attracted to the project or it would create a unique characteristic and vice versa. On the other words, a project which satisfies all the traditional success criteria could be failure one from viewpoint of modern definitions. [9][10] It can be said that current definitions apart from the old criteria consider flexibility, business process and personal success as new success criteria, therefore a project would be more successful from viewpoint of   recent definitions that: Decreases delivery time Its costs would be less than estimates and enhances return on investment(ROI) Has more capability to satisfy customer requirements Has more flexibility to adapt itself with changes and customer new requirements Causes more personal success-technical and non technical- for contributors-developer, customer and manager- Develops business aspects[11][12] From reviewed resources can be concluded that different parameters can affect success in software development. A group of them can be observed here which have been mentioned by Indian Institute of Technology:†customer satisfaction, customer collaboration, customer commitment, decision time, team size, planning and control, people factors, competency, communication and negotiation, training and learning and so on †[13] Obviously, some of these factors can be found in agile manifesto and principles easily, but how agile would be able to implement them properly? There is another controversial issue, agile claims that could be able to manipulate all of these parameters properly! Here, the main hypothesizes and questions which shape the goal of this proposal are created which will be described more detailed in following chapters. When it comes to comparison between traditional software development methods and agile, different opinions can be found. The majority of them express that agile works in different way,  Ã‚   few number of them say there is not any especial difference between them and some ones tell they are in some aspects same and in another aspects different, but in total, It can be concluded from literature that there are radical differences between them that some of them would be mentioned in following. When it comes to design stage, traditional approaches are plan base. In the other words in these approaches, developer tries to predict everything in advance and spend a great deal of time for it. Plan and design are usually recorded formally, that is why these approaches do not welcome to changes, while ADS is not limited to a pre defined plan. Developer thinks about possible events during the implementation and tries to opt best solution.   Therefore, it can be said knowing and action happen concurrently. In ASD is emphasized on discovering new experience meanwhile the implementation. Projects which are implemented by means of ADS are progressed in terms of iterative actions, while ordinary methods just follow a sequence of stages. Traditional ways act in vicinity of optimization, while agile works based on flexibility and adaption. Developer tries to formulate everything in traditional ways, but the problems are solved via iteration and experiment in agile. In general it can be said, traditional methodologies keen on controlling and directing projects in one path. They do not welcome to conflicts and changes and managers have key role on controlling the developers. In these ways design surpasses other aspects and affects them, while agile emphasizes more on exploring instead of prediction. Interaction, communication and collaboration between all members even customers is one of the most important characteristics of this methodology. In ASD, iteration and changing are inseparable. In addition in agile, projects are managed by means of all members and manager just is a facilitator. [14] From all the specification which was mentioned above it can be perceived that despite of other software engineering approaches and patterns that have specific steps to follow, Agile could be something like especial philosophy and ideology that developer always bear it in his/her mind. This ideology makes developer able to consider a large number of possibilities and opt the best one [6]. Such as this ability just could be gained via experience, study and practice in long term, but there are some methods that agile and its advocates claim by means of them developer would be able to earn this philosophy. These methods are recognized as agile methodology and are introduced briefly in following. Crystal clear methodology: A group of methodologies which are suitable for small groups that work on not life-critical projects. These methodology instead of process, emphasize on people an communication between them. [24, 25] Dynamic software development method (DSDM): An iterative methodology that projects are completed gradually within the iterations. In this methodology projects are divided to three stages: pre-project, project life-cycle and post project that each stage has own principles. This methodology follows the same principles which form the concept of agile, in particular this methodology tries to involve customer as a team member in project. [26, 27] Feature-driven development: This methodology attempts to apply both plan-base (traditional ways) and agile approaches. In this methodology projects are divided to features that every feature has a plan that this plan and its implementation are completed during iteration. [28, 29] Lean software development: This methodology was used in Toyota production system for the first time. This method focuses on preventing the wastes. In terms of this approach each activity and process that does not add any worth to customers means waste. [30, 31] Scrum: Management aspects are emphasized more in this methodology. Regularly meetings are hold in which each member expresses his/her feedback and others adjust themselves with his/her feedback. During this meeting customer representative decides feedback is in harmony with requirement or not. After customer’s satisfaction development team continues working, otherwise they consider changes to persuade the customer. Usually there are not any external managers in these kinds of groups and supervising is done via members. [32, 33] Extreme programming: This methodology consists of a set of practices that makes developer able to choose best techniques and make the best decisions. [34, 35] 3 Hypotheses: As can be observed in previous chapters the majority of literature believe that agile works differently in both implementation and management. Also agile advocates claim that projects which are implemented by means of agile would be more successful. In addition it can be concluded from literature review section that agile in some aspects treats radically different. Here, the hypotheses which form motivation of this project are born. They have been expressed in terms of success criteria which presented in last chapters. The customers would be more satisfied when projects are implemented via agile, therefore project will be more successful. Customers are treated as members of development team, therefore commitment of the customers is higher and project more successful. Customer as a member of team would have more collaboration, in result project will be more successful. Size of development team would be smaller therefore face to face communication will be simpler and success opportunity more Team members make a decision in shorter times periodically, therefore success opportunity will be more Development team members are selected more expert and competent, therefore the project could be more successful Progress would be evaluated by means of the team members which know project better instead of managers, so project could be more successful Designing is evolutionary and based on iteration, so the project will be more flexible   Implementation will be accompany with learning and this matter makes the developers more motivated Cultural and social issues will be considered in ASD [16] These are some hypotheses which form motivation to do this project and proposal and they would be considered within the implementation of project. On the other words, this project is done to check how much these hypotheses could be correct and if they are, which methodologies does agile apply to reach these goals? In addition, this project tends to check the differences which have been recognized between agile and traditional methodologies in literature review are actual or not? Some radical differences were recognized in that part which can make other hypotheses: Traditional methods work based on predefined plans while agile do not emphasize on plan Plans in ordinary methods are formal and resistance on changes while plans on agile are informal and welcome to changing Traditional ways follow s sequence of steps while agile is progressed iteratively. In traditional ways manager controls the progress of project while, in agile team members act as a manager Face to face and daily communication is one of the most important principles in agile while, it is not that much important in traditional ones Customers are considered as a team member in agile methodology while, in ordinary ones communication with customers is in vicinity of contract Agile emphasize on flexibility and traditional ones on optimizing [16][17][18] These hypotheses would be evaluated as well within development of project. 3.1 Aim of study As can be concluded from literature review, the quantity of valid empirical researches which have compared ASD with traditional methodologies and researches that consider agile claims, is rare. [23] It could be the most interesting motivation for designing a systematic and scientific way-has been described in methodology and evaluation section- for assessing the mentioned hypotheses. 3.2 Expectation Before conducting the project, there are some expectations which have been concluded from literature review and it is predicted that some of them would be resulted after accomplishing the project. These expectations could be same with hypotheses, but it is crystal clear that for scientific comparison all the conditions should be matched with the conditions in real world. Unfortunately, there are some conditions and situations which do not exist in this project-they will be mentioned in detailed in next chapter-and they will be simulated with simulated situations and maybe this issue affects the results, but with precise simulation it will be tried to reduce this influence as much as possible. 4 Goals and Objectives Doing a fair, empirical and scientific comparison between agile system development and traditional ways can be considered as goal of this project. Also scientific evaluation of this issue that agile is useful approach for software development or not can be another goal. As can be perceived these goals are general and intangible, therefore some objectives make them more clear and measurable. For first goal development of two websites that agile has been applied in one of them and comparison between them could be suitable. Therefore when it comes to comparison objectives can be: Select a suitable context which has this potential to be implemented as a website in agile   and traditional approach Choose a proper languages for development of these websites Opt systematic and scientific methods to compare action of these websites These objectives will be described in detailed in methodology and evaluation chapter. Also, when it comes to second goal these matters can be considered as objectives: Determine specification of a good application Determine success of   software development is assessed by means of which factors Decide what criteria affect web development success Determine these criteria are fulfilled more in agile or traditional approach via systematic and scientific way These objectives would be explained in methodology and evaluation chapter as well as previous ones. 5 Methodology and Evaluation For evaluating benefits which ASD claims have-mentioned in last chapters- and comparison between traditional software development methods and ASD, two website would be designed and their productivity, flexibility, readability and other specifications compared with each other. For a correct comparison context and title of these websites should be same, in other words they should be designed for same target. After discussing with supervisor it was determined that two websites should be implemented for a library which would be presented as online services. As It was mentioned the application and interface of these websites would be same while in one of them Agile methods will be applied and in another one traditional methods like plan base. In follow some details of these websites can be observed.   First library website which is supposed to have Agile methods would be implemented by means of C# language in ASP.Net framework. While the other one will be implemented via PHP language. C# has been opted because of its Object Oriented specification and also as a dynamic language it can be useful to apply ASD methods. In addition PHP has been selected because it was essential that one programming language should be out of the teaching materials of university. These two websites belong to a library which wants to let customers use online services. There would be different kind of books, papers and references which would be available in terms of their type. For instance, some books which have more appeal can be borrowed for shorter period in compare with the others and some recourses cannot be borrowed. Customers will be classified to different types which have distinguish priority. For example, when a book-there is just one available copy of this book- is demanded by two persons that one of them is postgraduate and another one undergraduate, it will borrowed by postgraduate student. There would be a waiting system that puts persons who has requested unavailable items in a queue in respect to their priority that mentioned above. Also, an Email delivery system will send an Email to remind the due time to customers automatically a day before it. After implementation of these websites they will be submitted to a number of expert web developers accompany with a questionnaire- that would be designed after consulting with supervisor- which asks them to determine which application is more productive, flexible and reliable. The developers will not be noticed that Agile methods has been used in which application. In addition it is possible a group of customers would be asked to use two websites and after that express which one is more user friendly and productive, but due to same interface and functionality it could be difficult to mention any differences. As it was mentioned one of the most important specifications which Agile advocates claim can be increased via applying it, is flexibility.   But one of the most vital characteristics of ASD which helps improvement of flexibility is interaction with customers and stockholders. Unfortunately, there is not any actual customer in this comparison therefore project supervisor and another person-who is familiar with web development and is determined after consulting with supervisor are assumed as customer and would be asked to change their requirements as a customer requirements every week regularly then consequent changes in coed are recorded as a documen t and attached to dissertation report. For a scientific comparison all the conditions should be close to reality therefore another minus can be detected and considered, is absence of a team as a development team ,because ASD is completely team based that these teams are usually self organization an cross functional teams. For compensation of this weakness the developer should study different contexts like finance and business and regularly consult with people who are expert in their fields to approach the comparison to reality. 6 Project plan Bibliography [1]ketabe art safeye 3 [2] http://agilemanifesto.org/history.html [3] In Art of Agile Development book [4] In Art of Agile Development book [5] futureworksconsulting.com/resources/TeamAgilityAgileTimesFeb04.pdf [6] In Art of Agile Development book safeye 3 va X||| [7] ketab safheye 3 [8] ketab safeye 4 [9] ketab safeye 4 [10] ketab safeye 4 pavaraghi [11]ketab bakhshe movafaghiyat [12]article success factores [13] article success factores [14] article, what we know about agile? [15]article success factores [16][17][18] [19]ye chiz peydaa kon vase Amrica [20] article, what we know about [21] http://agilemethodology.org/ [22] what we know safeheye aval [23] what we know safeheye aval va ye done dig eke save kardi rood esc top [24] article ke kheili khoobe va ziyaade va jadval dare [25]refrence 16 hamoon article [26] article ke kheili khoobe va ziyaade va jadval dare [27] refrence 60 hamoon article [28] article ke kheili khoobe va ziyaade va jadval dare [29] refrence 50 hamoon article [30] article ke kheili khoobe va ziyaade va jadval dare [31] refrence 52 hamoon article [32] article ke kheili khoobe va ziyaade va jadval dare [53] refrence 52 hamoon article [34] article ke kheili khoobe va ziyaade va jadval dare [35] refrence 9, 10 hamoon article [36] Empirical studies of agile software development: A systematic review/abstract

Book review (Margaret Lock's East Asian Medicine in Urban Japan) Essay

Book review (Margaret Lock's East Asian Medicine in Urban Japan) - Essay Example ionism in the pluralistic medical systems in Japan and inspire the readers to borrow the holistic approach from the East Asian medicine and reevaluate the cultural biases of biomedicine. Although I highly appreciate Lock’s work, I will review this ethnography with a critical eye. There are two underlying assumptions concerning the study. Firstly, the book attempted to map a larger picture of the East Asian medicine in Japan from the eighth century to the late twentieth century, in which East Asian medicine was seen as Chinese medicine in Japan. The Japanese term Kanpo, literally, â€Å"Chinese method,† was thought to be a medical system learned from China, maintaining its Chinese flavor over 1300 years in Japan. Secondly, Lock assumed that the actual interviews that include only 50 Kyoto families, 2 schools, 8 herbal pharmacies, and dozens of patients and practitioners can represent the Japanese people’s thoughts concerning the practices of a pluralistic medicine in the 1970s in an urban setting in Japan. The samples are not considered large enough to draw up generalizations and to make assumption regarding a whole urban population. The ancient capital of Kyoto is also assumed to be representative as a model of a modern city in Japan. Based on these assumptions, Lock analyzed the East Asian medicine from three perspectives. Firstly, she uses a historical approach to analyze the classic Chinese medical works as the theories of East Asian medicine in a pre-industrialized Japan. The Japanese cultural ethos is analyzed as a less important force compared to the Chinese philosophies and Buddhist thoughts. Secondly, she uses a cultural anthropological approach to analyze her limited interviews and case studies in Kyoto to represente an issue of the adopting the East Asian medicine. Except for Tokyo and Osaka, other major Japanese cities other than Kyoto are barely mentioned. Thirdly, she used a critical anthropological approach to analyze the East Asian

Campus Crew Customer Communication Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Campus Crew Customer Communication - Coursework Example As a function of this, this brief analysis will consider the customer communication strategy for campus crew in Peterborough Ontario. Due to this particular understanding of the customer communication strategy, the Peterborough Ontario campus crew has a limited scope and interaction with the end consumer. Whereas other aspects of the business cycle integrate directly with the consumer and expressly state their function/purpose/and service offerings, the campus crew is non-proactive and its offerings and services to the end consumer are merely taken for granted (Hennig-Thurau 57). As such, this does not present a situation in which the business model or business plan has a high degree of interaction with the consumer and therefore risks the continuation of services due to an under-appreciation and or misunderstanding of responsibilities and services engaged upon. In this way, it is the recommendation of this author that in order to engage with shareholders in a more complete way, the customer communications strategy of the campus crew in Peterborough Ontario must be completed overhauled and updated so as to engage the shareholders and customers with the services and products offered. Hennig-Thurau, Thorsten. "Relationship Quality And Customer Retention Through Strategic Communication Of Customer Skills." Journal Of Marketing Management 16.1-3 (2000): 55-79. Business Source Premier. Web. 25 Mar.

Monarch Butterfly Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Monarch Butterfly - Research Paper Example Butterflies and moths belong to the order, Lepidoptera (Capinera, 628). The special characteristics of this order are the presence of a â€Å"complete, holometabolous life cycle, with separate egg, larva, pupa, and adult stages† (Capinera, 631). And this is why butterflies are classified under this order. A Monarch butterfly has also a similar wing span which comes to â€Å"3.5 to 4 inches† (Garber, 76). Another common feature of the members of Lepidoptera order is that all of them have â€Å"four wings and also scales covering at leats some body parts (Capinera, 631). In Monarch butterflies, the scales are seen â€Å"as a patch near the central veins of the hindwings† (Capinera, 631). There are two subspecies in Monarch butterfly (Oberhauser and Solensky, 1). The species, Danaus plexippus plexippus, is found in â€Å"Southern Canada, the USA, Mexico, most Caribbean Islands, Central America and northern South America† (Oberhauser and Solensky, 1). The sec ond subspecies, Danaus plexippus erippus is seen in â€Å"Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Eastern Brazil† (Oberhauser and Solensky, 1). Monarch butterflies are cold-blooded insects (Learner.org). So they are comfortable in cool climates as in such an atmosphere, they do not need to spend much energy (Learner.org). It can be seen that â€Å"the body of the caterpillar will be covered with nine brown rings aside from black head and it features three pairs of ‘true’ legs with claws attached and five pairs of prolegs that extend backwards† (Monarch-Butterfly.com). To differentiate a female monarch butterfly from a male, one has to look for a simple identification mark -â€Å"the male monarchs have a black spot on each of the hind wings over a vein. The female monarch butterfly does not have this spot† (Monarch-Butterfly.com). In one year, four generations of monarch butterflies complete their life cycle (Monarch-Butterfly.com). Th e life cycle of a monarch butterfly on the other hand includes four stages, namely, the egg, the larvae, the pupa and the butterfly (Monarch-Butterfly.com). The annual life cycle of this majestic insect can be considered to begin in the months of February and March when they mate (Monarch-Butterfly.com). After mating, the butterflies migrate to the Northern and Eastern parts of North America and lay their eggs there in the months of March and April (Monarch-Butterfly.com). It is on the milkweed plant that the Monarch butterflies lay their white eggs (Monarch-Butterfly.com). The eggs will be seen on the undersides of milkweed leaves, usually near the top of the plant. Each female butterfly lay â€Å"several hundred eggs† and the eggs hatch in four days (Monarch-Butterfly.com). There are many invertebrate predators that feed on Monarch eggs and larvae like, red velvet spider mite (Oberhauser and Solensky, 6). The caterpillar is herbivore and feeds only on milkweed leaves for tw o weeks and then attach to a small stem or a leaf of the plant and starts metamorphosing into the pupa stage (Monarch-Butterfly.com). Because of the insistence of the caterpillars on eating only the milkweeds, Monarch butterflies gained another name, the â€Å"milkweed butterfly† (Monarch-Butterfly.com). The caterpillars are only â€Å"about 0.1 inches long† weighing 0.55 grams (Monarch-Butterfly.com). Caterpillars have alternating bands of yellow, white, and black, on their body with a black stripe between pairs of

Economic, Cultural and Political Impact of Globalisation

Economic, Cultural and Political Impact of Globalisation In this rapid changing world, globalisation affected people and states around the world largely. A British Labour Party politician, Clare Short, once said: People have accused me of being in favour of globalisation. This is equivalent to accusing me of being in favour of the sun rising in the morning. (Ridgers, 2012) This quote shows quite well that globalisation is the new ages of human history, which is inevitable. Most of the people think that globalisation is the process of interconnection between the people, companies, governments of different nations, in which driven by massively increased trade and cultural exchange (Navar, 2003). However, it may be too simplistic. Globalisation, in fact, has many underlying meanings and brings some unforeseeable consequences. Therefore, this essay will attempt to analyse globalisation and find out its true definition. In order to demonstrate this, this essay will discuss the meaning of globalisation in three dimensions: economy, culture and p olitics along with three waves of globalisation, namely hyperglobalist, sceptics, and transformationalists. Globalisation in economy dimension refers to the worldwide movement of the global economy, resulting in the increased interconnectedness of national economies with free transfer of goods, capital, and services across national borders (Guttal, 2007). Financial markets, such as credit markets, commodity markets and capital markets are the apparent examples. Base on the hyperglobalists perspectives, there are four main factors that lead to the process of globalisation in the economy (Martell, 2007). Firstly, transportation advances. With the improvements in transport, a large number of people and goods are able to move more quickly (Guttal, 2007). As a result, the cost of transporting goods becomes relatively cheaper where there are many larger cargo ships available (Guttal, 2007). Also, it means that the cost per item can be reduced since the cost of transporting is the key reason which influences it (Guttal, 2007). Secondly, the freedom of trade. The typical example of it goes to the Europe Unions (EU) free movement and trade, which includes goods, workers, and services (Nayar, 2003). This promotes people in different European countries to open or do business in each others countries (Nayar, 2003). Thirdly, technology revolution. It offers a more accessible and convenient communication between people around the world with the birth of electronic communication devices, such as smartphones, email, faxes, and social networking websites or apps (Nayar, 2003). Lastly, labour availability and skills (Guttals,2007). It could tackle the problems of jobs and skills shortage in More Economically Developed Countries (MEDs) and reduce the unemployment risk in Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDs) in the meantime (Guttals, 2007). Moreover, it can take advantage of cheaper labour costs (Guttals, 2007). For example, Indian people whose country with the high unemployment rate are employed in Germany with lesser wages to fill the IT vacancies there (Campe, 2008). Since it seems that the process of globalisation is not inevitable due to the reasons above, then it may be appropriate to look at what impact will it make. Hyperglobalists say that capitalism is one of the many manifestations of globalisation (Guttal, 2007). As we know it today, capitalism is an economic system in which a countrys industry and trade are owned privately by people with minimal interference from the government (Campe, 2008). In this case, hyperglobalists claim that the growth of capitalism results from the rising interconnectivity between countries (Martell, 2007). They think that when the world becomes more integrated, the economies are becoming denationalised in which the relevance and authority of nation-state are declining (Martell, 2007). Also, they view the transnational corporation (TNCs); the companies that operate in different countries, becoming the biggest global influence and not nations, for example, Coca-Cola and MacDonald (Campe, 2008). Consequently, the global economy is considered to have integrated, accepted and included different parts of the world (Guttal, 2007). Hyperglobalists claim that global econom y brings some advantages. Firstly, global economy promotes the increasing international trade and the rise of the number of TNCs in which helps countries, especially LEDs by training the local people with new skills and jobs (Manu, 2000). Secondly, improvement in the standard of living that provide a better living condition for people living in countries that are globalising (Manu, 2000). For example, countries who welcome those foreign investments could earn more revenue as globalisation has brought about more opportunities for trade (Manu, 2000). The Singaporean government used this revenue to develop sectors, including welfare, transportation, and education. In contrast, sceptics perspectives consider global capitalism as a myth (Martell, 2007). They believe that the nation-states still have the responsibilities to control the flows of economic benefits even though the number of TNCs is increasing (Martell, 2007). For example, foreign investment flows into the control of several advanced economics (Martell, 2007). This shows that TNCs are still relevant to their original nation-states and gain profits for these states (Martell, 2007). They also look global economy negatively. They state that global economy is essentially not globally inclusive for two reasons; rising protectionism and increasing international inequality (Liedekerke, 2000). In economics, protectionism represents a method to restrain trade in goods and services (Liedekerke, 2000). Sceptics claim that the increased competition among nations is the main reason of causing protectionism (Teichmann, 2002). For example, the lower costs of labour in China and India make many comp anies have located their production facilities there (Teichmann, 2002). Benefiting from the increased revenue, these countries can rapidly develop their infrastructure like road networks and industrial parks, which further improve their attractiveness to foreign investors (Teichmann, 2002). Consequently, this strongly threatens developed economies such as Thailand and Singapore and more so for LEDs with poor political stability and infrastructure like Cambodia and East Timor (Manu, 2000). According to World Health Organisation (WHO), Economists predict that increased competition from low-wage countries will destroy jobs in richer nations and there will be a race to the bottom as countries reduce wages, taxes, welfare and environmental controls so as to be more competitive, at enormous social cost. Pressure to compete will erode the ability of governments to set their own economic policies and the move towards deregulation will reduce their power to protect and promote the interests of their people. (Liedekerke, 2000) When the protectionism leads to the higher international inequality, the income gap between countries is widening (Nayar, 2003). For instance, business owners in developed countries are able to outsource their operations to other countries in lower costs of production due to the improved communications and transportation (Nayar, 2003). As a result, higher retrenchment rates become higher, and income among the average workers reduce, turning into a phenomenon that the rich getting rich and the poor becoming poorer (Nayar, 2003). During 2012, the 29 richest states on earth generated 48 percent of the world output, whereas the 51 poorest nations contribute only 2 percent of the worlds total output (Manu, 2000). While the globalisation makes a huge change to business dealings, it also has cultural implications. Culturally globalisation refers to an interconnection of ideas, customs and values around the world (Guttal, 2007). In hyperglobalist perspectives, globalisation leads to the homogenisation of the world under American popular culture or Western consumerism (Martell, 2007). It states that globally people are enjoying the homogenised global cultures as the culture consumed is no longer exclusively from their own nation (Guttal, 2007). The national culture is declining significantly as people are interconnected with a universal culture (Guttal, 2007). For example, globalised culture shown in different areas, such as music, television, and sport. Firstly, music from certain countries has spread and sold across the world, notably the Beatles in the 1950s (Campe, 2008). People could learn the English language, English love stories, and ultimately culture through their lyrics (Campe, 2008). Secondly, Hollywood shows on television which originally produced for local audiences has been widely known in the world through globalisation. Consequently, the American culture, customs, performance, folk tales which appear in the Hollywood shows dominate global culture (Campe, 2008). Lastly, footballs popularity shows the globalised culture in sport. People with different nationalities would royally support the football teams. Also, it is common that there are many football players in a team are of different nationalities. Moreover, football is included in Olympic Games. In this case, hyperglobalists say that the emergence of the new technologies is the key role in promoting the global culture, particularly Internet and Satellite communication (Campe, 2008). People all over the world could receive the news, messages or information instantly from these corporations. However, sceptics view the global culture differently that it is, in fact, Western Imperialism (Teichmann, 2002). They criticise that globalisation poses a threat to classical nationalism where Western cultures dominate over all others (Teichmann, 2002). They also condemn that globalisation inevitably leads to the clashes of culture as the speed of globalisation has been accelerated significantly by the improvement of technology (Guttal, 2007). The noteworthy example can be found in migration. In the United States, the melting pot, which refers to the assimilation of migrants into one single culture, has been happening (Campe, 2008). Another example can be found in Hollywood films, in which poses a powerful influence in the global film industry (Campe, 2008). It is found that 95 percent of the global movies are produced by the USA whereas, on the African continent, only 42 films are produced each year. On the other hand, transformationalists argue that globalisation refers to the int ermingling of cultures and people (Guttal, 2007). It is said that cultures are hybridised and transformed into new forms (Teichmann, 2002). Politically globalisation means the expansion of the worldwide political system (Koshy, 2001). In the hyperglobalist opinion, political globalisation challenges the nationalism, which leads to the decline of national-state and the loss of national sovereignty (Koshy, 2001). International organisations including the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and the European Union (EU) superseded the nation-states to take the lead in decision-making (Haynes, 2003). Many states sovereignty is weakened when the membership in intergovernmental organisation asks them to hand over (Agnew, 2009). For example, German students in Scotland unexpectedly are allowed to vote in elections to the Scottish Parliament. However, sceptics propose political globalisation in various ways, again. They say that states retain autonomy and sovereignty unevenly (Agnew, 2009). Some states have gained, and some have lost political power, for example, many states become stronger with more social democratic policies. They al so suggest that there is a great power inequality between the states (Liedekerke, 2000). The most powerful nations would use those international political body as a tool to impose their will for their own benefit and to exempt themselves from restrictions when it is disadvantageous to them (Koshy, 2001). Oppositely, some weak nations, perhaps, have no freedom to speak their will in front of these most powerful nations. In contrast to another two views, transformationalists see political globalisation in a relatively positive way (Haynes, 2003). They think there is a shared sovereignty between nation states and international organisations (Haynes, 2003). Nation states still have the power to make important decisions. States and international political body cooperate with each other to solve the global problems, such as demands for human right, environmental pollution, developments in international transport and communication (Haynes, 2003). In conclusion, this essay has attempted to demonstrate the meaning of globalisation in economic, cultural, and political dimensions. In these dimensions, it is not hard to see that technology revolution in recent years has played a vital role in the growth of globalisation. Moreover, with three perspectives on globalisation, it is likely to conclude that there are various meanings of globalisation in different dimensions and it is neither the totally positive nor negative. Globalisation helps as well as harms the world relations. Therefore, it is better to raise public awareness of globalisation, so that people could take it carefully to avoid the worst consequences. Bibliography Agnew, J A. (2009) Globalization and sovereignty.ÂÂ   Lanham: Rowman Littlefield Publishers. Campe, C.V (2008) Atlantic Community. Available at: http://www.atlantic-community.org/app/webroot/files/articlepdf/Globalisation%20and%20Nationalism.pdf (Accessed 12 March 2017) Guttal, S. (2007) Globalisation, Development in Practice, 17(4/5): 523-531. Haynes, J. (2003) Tracing Connections between Comparative Politics and Globalisation, Third World Quarterly, 24(6): 1029-1047. Koshy, N. (2001) Political Dimensions of Globalisation, Economic and Political Weekly, 36(18): 1513-1517. Liedekerke, L. V. (2000) Economic Globalization: The Political Challenge, Ethical Perspectives, 7(1): 37:52. Manu R. Shroff. (2000) Globalisation, Economic and Political Weekly, 35(7): 498-584. Martell, L. (2007) The Third Wave in Globalisation Theory, International Studies Review, 9(2): 173-196. Nayar, B. (2003) Economic Globalisation and Its Advance: From Shallow to Deep Integration, Economic and Political Weekly, 38(45): 4776-4782. Ridgers, B. (2012) The Economist. Available at: http://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2012/08/z-business-quotations (Accessed 12 March 2017). Teichmann, I. (2002) Globalisation. London: Watts

T.S. Eliots The Wasteland Essay -- Eliot Wasteland Essays

T.S. Eliot's The Wasteland Traditionally, authors begin their compositions at the beginning and then proceed to an end, creating a logical flow of information towards a conclusion. T.S. Eliot threw most traditional form out the window as he composed The Waste Land. The voice changes, the structure varies, his allusions are elusive, and the first section of the poem is entitled â€Å"The Burial of The Dead.† This of course does not speak to a beginning, but to the conclusion of what could be one or many lives. Even before this heading, the epigraph evokes the feeling of something, (a something that the reader must work to comprehend) almost eternal, reflecting on a lifetime (an ‘almost eternal’ lifetime) with a melancholic eye. The reader of the poem begins with reflections on a life, a universal life, and with this understanding we can begin to unpack some of the images and make sense of the major themes of the poem. Without reading the entire poem, one can not hope to catch the significance of the initial passage or the epigraph; conversely, one might not comprehend the poem as a cohesive unit without its opening lines. Unlike Eliot, let us start with the genesis of the poem; ‘The Burial of The Dead.’ A major difficulty of this poem is its apparent lack of a single speaker. If there is an identifiable or specific speaker, they are contained within a few lines and then disappear into the background of the poem. The first seven lines are second or third person, singular or plural is not made clear. We are not given any perspective for these lines; therefore, the reader has nothing with which to orient himself. The vertigo continues once the language is taken into consideration. What do we make of his confl... ...events from ancient to present, coming together in one piece to produce a single feeling. Eliot sums up this feeling with the title. At once everything is connected through the poem and yet disconnected by time, place, and experience. I mentioned that the poem’s epigraph implied a reflection on an almost eternal life, The Sibyl (as well as Tiresias later in the poem) mirrors civilization’s history and the poem itself. Where Sibyl will not die she is in the process of decay, where history has not stopped it has broken down to a waste land. By bringing together these ‘broken images,’ Eliot constructed a summation of thousands of years of history. Many voices all speaking at once, alienated from one another by different times, different thoughts, and different experiences but connected through society’s common sub-consciousness and brought together by The Waste Land.

Emotion Appeal Essay

The fallacy of ad hominem is an attack against the person of the one asserting a claim. The assumption made is that, as a consequence of the attack against the person, the claim made by such person is also false. 2. Ad hominem tu quoque This fallacy is possible to occur when a person made two inconsistent statements or a statement inconsistent with a prior action. It is assumed the claim later made is false because of the inconsistency without considering which or whether one of the two statements or actions made is really true. 3. Appeal to consequences of a belief Appeal to consequences of a belief makes the truth or falsity of a claim be based on the consequences that may occur if its truth or falsity is accepted. In this fallacy, if a claim will result to good consequences, it must be true and vice versa. 4. Appeal to authority Appeal to authority exists when a claim is asserted to be true based on the fact that it was made by an authority, who is in fact not an authority on that subject or is not qualified to make such claim. If the person to whom the claim is attributed is actually an authority or an expert, then there is no fallacy. 5. Appeal to emotion Appeal to emotion is the act of stirring one’s emotion to influence a person to accept that a claim is true. 6. Begging the question Begging the question is properly called as reasoning in circles. It involves a premise that contains an assumption that the conclusion is true, thus giving rise to a situation wherein the premise is used to support the truth of the conclusion while the conclusion is used to support the truth of the premise. 7. Confusing cause and effect This fallacy occurs when a person assumes one event to be the cause of another event just because these two events usually occur regularly together, when there may in fact be no justification or proof establishing such causal relation other than the fact that they often occur together. 8. Middle ground The fallacy assumes a position to be true just because it lies in the middle of the two extremes. 9. Red Herring This fallacy is used to direct the attention of the other person away of the main topic of the argument. The argument is diverted from the main issue to another issue which is not relevant, but s introduced under the guise of being relevant to the main issue. 10. Slippery slope This fallacy argues that one event will follow another event without giving a justification why. This usually occurs when the causation is too remote, such as when several other steps, which may not be inevitable, will have to follow before such claimed consequence may arise. 11. Straw man This fallacy occurs when a person attacks a distorted position of another person, as a consequence of which it is assumed that the real or original position is also falsified. 12. Who is to say? In this fallacy, a person asks the question â€Å"who is to say† or other similar questions, but already has a preconceived answer that no one is to say. As a consequence of this, it is accepted that the issue cannot be decided because no one is capable or qualified to decide on it.

Tianamen Square essays

Tianamen Square essays Tiananmen Square is where thousands of Chinese people gathered to try to overthrow the Chinese government. Every writer there witnessed and viewed this event in his or her own way. The writers different versions contradicted so much the audience had every reason to be confused over what really happened. The goal of these writers was to persuade the audience to see this event the way the writer saw it. This event in history can show readers how one event that happened only one way, can be told in many different ways. The Beijing Review interviewed a Chinese Military Official, naturally his story will favor the Chinese government. The leaders of the revolt were referred to as bad people; these bad people were accused of influencing the students and viewers to shamefully overthrow the government. This official also said that their losses were great because of the good mingling with the bad, this caused a mass state of confusion resulting in personal loss. He then made it look like the government assault on the people was necessary, and this showed the integrity of the peoples army. A writer for the New York Times wrote from a neutral perspective. This writer didnt take a side or judge either group. The writer just gave a story from what he or she eye witnessed. This version was descriptive and filled with facts. The writer also explains why the revolt was taking place. The Military Official sided with the government, and the New York Times Writer was neutral. The Official labeled people the Times writer did not. The Official used his opinions in his version. The Times writer used facts to demonstrate his or her eye witnessed account. Both writers wrote about things they saw during the event to prove a point, like when the tank drivers were forced from safety by fire then beaten when they would evacuate. After all the versions were viewed the audience couldn ...

The Political and Social Partition of India †History Essay

The Political and Social Partition of India – History Essay Free Online Research Papers The Political and Social Partition of India History Essay The political and social partition of India was several decades in the making. The ‘Hindus’ and ‘Muslims’ in India were of a mindset completely different from that of the British. Prior to British colonialism ‘Hindus’ and ‘Muslims’ did not identify themselves as such. The lines between each religion were blurred. After the British colonized India, they began to identify these similar groups of people purely on the basis of their religious beliefs. The effects were not significant to begin with, but as time went on they began to root themselves within Indian culture. Those people who were once ignorant to religious profiling began to do so in their own right, without coercion from the British. Each generation following the previous one cultivated this prejudice and it infected India like a virus. Politically the two religious factions were rivals. Their ideas and interests clashed in every way possible. There were external factors that contributed a great deal. British colonialism got the ball rolling. The differences between Muslim and Hindu became clearer every day until it tore the country in half. From the day the East India Company introduced itself into the subcontinent until the time Indian won its independence a great deal of change occurred, most of which could be attributed to the birth and rise of the East Indian Company. Although the significant changes were not made until and after Lord George Nathaniel Curzon arrived in India as viceroy in 1899. Curzon was â€Å"convinced that efficient administration by benevolent autocratic rulers best served the country (Metcalf Metcalf 153).† Lord Curzon was an extremely driven and effective viceroy, who was also said to be both overbearing and arrogant. Towards the beginning of his stint as viceroy Curzon did what he could to keep the diverse group of people that inhabited India happy, but his popularity vanished promptly. Curzon was very surprised because he had assumed that such reforms as establishing the department of commerce and industry and the Archeological Survey of India, as well as supporting agricultural rese arch would â€Å"keep the masses content and the politically active chastened (Metcalf Metcalf 154)† It became clear to Curzon that he needed to make a much bolder political move in order to keep the people happy. After all it had been less than forty years since the last revolt, and Curzon knew he would be responsible if it happened again. In 1905 Curzon announced his intentions to split Bengal into separate provinces. The Hindu population was outraged, especially the upper caste bhadraloks, they believed this was an attempt by the British to reduce their power. Bengal was considered the ‘divine Mother’ by the bhadralok, and Curzon’s plan to split Bengal would give the Muslims control of western Bengal. At this point the lower caste ‘Hindus’ did not concern themselves much with politics, but the bhadralok needed their support in order to successfully secure Bengal from what they believed to be Muslim oppression. In order to gain the support they needed, the bhadralok began what they would deem the ‘swadeshi movement.’ The purpose of the swadeshi movement was first to create a national Hindu identity and second to utilize this nationalist identity to oppose both the British and Muslims. The bhadralok took their first steps towards creating the national ‘Hindu’ i dentity by utilizing popular religious symbols to promote nationalistic principles. This tactic was extremely effective; it mesmerized the common Hindu and placed the bhadralok in a very powerful position. The bhadralok began the swadeshi movement, and furthered the nationalist movement, but their power would not last. In a short period of time the nationalist movement became so far reaching that there was no way to control it. â€Å"Nationalists across the country took up Bengal’s cause. Calcutta came alive with rallies, bonfires of foreign goods, petitions, newspapers and posters.† The Hindu nationalist movement had taken root in Bengal and was quickly spreading, gaining more support each day. It was only a matter of time before the bhadralok’s vision of freeing India from Muslim oppression would become a reality (Metcalf Metcalf 155-56). In the meantime, the partition of Bengal and other reforms motivated the Muslims to seek more political autonomy in India. In 1906, lead my Aga Khan, the Muslim population in India, â€Å"urged the viceroy†¦to grant Muslims a representation that would reflect not only their numerical strength, but also their political importance (Metcalf Metcalf 158)† Although this became a popular idea amongst the Muslims, the British, hesitant to give up any of their governmental power, didn’t give it much thought. Although the British didn’t want to give up any governmental power to the Muslims, they needed to keep them happy. In 1911 the king-emperor George V announced three ‘boons’. First the capital of India would be moved from Calcutta to Delhi. This not only moved the capital out of the politically active Calcutta, it also reminded Muslims of a past Mughal glory. Next the partition of Bengal would be nullified and the British would recognize its power b y making it a governor’s province. Now that the partition of Bengal was repealed the Muslims were back to square one, the entire basis of their power was dependant upon their influence over western Bengal. Despite this setback the Muslims were now determined to become more actively involved in Indian government (Metcalf Metcalf In 1913 Mohammad Ali Jinnah joined the Muslim League. Prior to Jinnah joining the Muslim League, it had significantly less power than it did after he joined. The Muslims were still under the thumb of both the British and even the Hindus, but an important piece of legislation would be passed in 1916 titled the Lucknow Pact. The Indian National Congress and the Muslim league met agreeing to the principle of separate electorates for Muslims in the larger interest of Hindu-Muslim unity against colonial rule. The Lucknow Act could be considered a victory for both the Hindus and the Muslims, after all the Hindus gained a powerful ally in their fight against British rule and the Muslims were finally making progress in their fight for a more active roll in government. Although the short-term effects were positive, this marks a crucial point in the social interaction between the two religious groups (Jalal 415). Muslims were not happy with the fact that they were the minority. The Lucknow Pact may have brought out the best in the two religious groups, but it was just a start. The Muslims and Hindus had to wait thirty more years before they would finally achieve independence from the British and the creation the two new nation-states of India and Pakistan in 1947. Now that the independence of India and Pakistan was reality the religious factions would no longer have an oppressive government to fight together, so they began to fight each other. â€Å"Independence was to be disfigured by the ugly horrors of riot and massacre.† The Hindus were more than anxious to finally separate themselves from the Muslims whom they believed were disgracing their mother land simply by living there. Although there is no way to be completely accurate calculating how many deaths there were during the riots, it is said that over a half million people were killed. Fourteen million people who were not killed became refugees and were forced out of the country. â€Å"What made the moment of independence particularly bitter was that neither of the two new states turned out to be quite what its proponents had hoped for (Pandey 613).† Even though Pakistan was supposed to become a homeland for every Muslim that had inhabited India, nearly ninety-million remained and were dispersed throughout the country. This gave rise to a very hot debate for both new nation states, should they choose to be secular or not? Although no formal political decisions were made Pakistan was doing everything in its power to make Pakistan a homogenous nation. Hindus who inhabited Pakistani lands that were once part of India became refugees, and Muslims who still lived in India were to be removed and there land handed over to the Hindus. Those people who would not migrate to their respective land faced a great deal of opposition. â€Å"†¦killing and counterkilling, massacre and countermassacre could not g o on endlessly without destroying everything and everybody, by the fact that in some areas there was no one left to kill†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( Pandey 614). Ten percent of India was still Muslim, even after all the terrible things they were subjected to while they were there. The people that stayed in India who were Muslim no longer had an identity outside of being Muslim in the eyes of those Hindus in India. They were not trusted and were treated as second-class citizens who didn’t belong. Relations became so cold between Muslims and Indians at this point that there was even thoughts of war between the two countries. The Congress Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, Govind Ballabh Pant had this to say in regards to his feelings toward those Muslims who chose to stay in India. â€Å"Every Muslim in India would be required to shed his blood fighting the Pakistani hordes, and each one should search his heart now, and decide whether he should migrate to Pakistan or not (Pandey 617)† After the British colonized India, they began to identify these similar groups of people purely on the basis of their religious beliefs. The effects were not significant to begin with, but as time went on they began to root themselves within Indian culture. Those people who were once ignorant to religious profiling began to do so in their own right, without further coercion from the British. Each generation following the previous one cultivated this prejudice and it infected India like a virus. Politically the two religious factions were rivals. Their ideas and interests clashed in every way possible. The differences between Muslim and Hindu became clearer every day until it tore the country in half. The creation of the two nation-states India and Pakistan, it turns out, was not even the tip of the iceberg. The Hindus and Muslims held an unfathomable amount of contempt for each other, all of which was based on nothing other then they practiced different religions. The two countries w ere being assembled by religious zealots who refused to seek compromise, and had no tolerance for anything the opposite people believed in. If the British had not colonized India by way of the East India Company in 1600, here is no telling what would have become of India. It is clear that the British are responsible for what nearly could be considered a civil war in India. Hundreds of thousands of innocent people were killed, all of which could have easily been avoided. Of course the British cannot be blamed solely for these atrocities, but if it had not been for the British one wonders what India would be like today if the British had never settled there. Research Papers on The Political and Social Partition of India - History EssayPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Quebec and CanadaCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeBringing Democracy to AfricaMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andGenetic EngineeringWhere Wild and West Meet

Hawaii Lodging & Tourism Association Research Paper - 1

Hawaii Lodging & Tourism Association - Research Paper Example nolulu offers a number of historical monuments and vibrant activities which include the King Kamehameha I Statue and the Iolani Palace meant for tourists attraction. The region is made up of several ethnic communities and cultural practices that forms a major attraction to tourists and visitors in Oahu Island. The people are very welcoming to visitors which makes it an ideal place for camping and leisure activities. Some of the hotels in the region include Ala Moana Hotel, The Modern Honolulu, Hawaii Prince Hotel Waikiki, Pagoda Hotel, Airport Honolulu Hotel, Waikiki Gateway Hotel, Hilton Hawaiian Village Waikiki Beach Resort among others. The hotels have specialized in various activities and dining sets which makes them stand out from one another. Local dishes can be found along the Kapahulu Avenue. The rates of the guestrooms can be obtained through online booking services such as Booking.com, TripAdvisor, Hotels.com and Expedia. Guests are offered with several shopping options due to many shopping outlets located in Oahu. The open air markets deal with bargain souvenirs and local produce. The Aloha Tower is known to be selling art and crafts items. Waikele premium outlets offers a wide range of big brands at discounted prices. Ala Moana shopping center has distinguished itself as the main family shopping center as it has a number of outlets that specialize on items that fit every family that visits the region (Mak, 2004). Quick movement around the facilities is facilitated by rental cars which offers the best form of transportation around the island. Another attractive event that guest should experience in the region of Oahu is the Luau which is a Hawaiian party accompanied with the areas traditional foods, music and cultural display. As a result of these factors, Oahu which means The Gathering Place offers the best destination for the association to carry out its activities. The Ala Moana Hotel is based in Honolulu in the state of Hawaii. The specific

The Nature of a Worldview vs My Version of a Worldview Essay

The Nature of a Worldview vs My Version of a Worldview - Essay Example (Barna, 2001) All this has made my individual worldview pretty different to what the exact worldview of nature in essence is. God asked man to be patient for all his deeds and actions since He alone would provide him the comfort and luxury that a man deserves in this life. Yet what I see from these times is a world full of nepotism, impoliteness, hatred and hunger. Today’s society has become ill-tempered and does not give each other a second chance. Nature wanted man to succeed morally more than in the real sense of the word. (Adams, 1960) But what I gather from the present world is each one of us having a battle within our own selves – a battle to succeed and make it big in the shortest time possible. In essence, the worldview presented by nature is pretty different to what my worldview is and I believe the reason for the same is that we have distanced ourselves from God and His